July 22, 2004
U.S. Public Rejects Nearly All Forms of Torture or Coercion Even in Face of Possible Terrorist Attack
Says International Laws on Detention Should Apply to Al-Qaeda Members
In a new PIPA/Knowledge Networks nationwide poll, 66% said that the US should abide by the international law that “governments should never use physical torture,” while 29% found that standard “too restrictive.”
Even if the US believes that a detainee is withholding information that could prove critical to stopping a terrorist attack on the US, majorities rejected most forms of coercion. These include methods formally approved by the Department of Defense, including using threatening dogs (rejected by 58%) and forcing detainees to go naked (75% rejected). Other forms rejected by even larger majorities included sexual humiliation (89%) and holding a detainee’s head under water (81%).
Presented a number of scenarios in which interrogators are seeking information related to possible terrorism, the only coercive technique (out of 14 options) consistently endorsed by a majority was sleep deprivation. If, however, the US is highly confident that a detainee has critical information that could prevent a terrorist attack on the US, then modest majorities also accepted hooding (56%), bombardment with loud noises (56%), and stress positions (52%).
Steven Kull, director of PIPA comments, “Basically, the public supports the system of international laws restricting torture and coercion, though it would consider making some limited exceptions if there was high confidence that a catastrophic outcome would be prevented.”
Eighty-eight percent favored having international laws governing detention. Large majorities endorsed requiring registration of all detainees (92%), providing access by the Red Cross (93%), allowing communication with family members (77%) and the right to a hearing (81%).
Told that recently there has been a debate about whether the international treaties governing detainee treatment should apply to combatants who are not conventional soldiers, “such as members of the al-Qaeda terrorist group,” 60% took the position that the US should still give them the rights provided by the treaties.
Respondents were also told that the Bush administration has taken the position that if the President determines it is necessary for the war on terrorism, the US has the right to refuse to give a detainee a hearing in front of a neutral judge, but that the Supreme Court had ruled otherwise. Asked for their position, 68% said the President should not have the authority to deny a detainee the right to a hearing.
Respondents were also informed about Justice Department memos that argued the war on terrorism made international laws against torture and abuse, such as the Geneva Conventions, no longer fully applicable. Fifty-one percent took the position that the memos “set a tone that filtered down into the military and contributed to the abuses that occurred in the Abu Ghraib prison.” Only 37% agreed with the Bush administration’s assertion that “these memos were simply opinions and did not impact policy” and “did not contribute to what occurred at the Abu Ghraib prison.”
Despite these perceptions, it appears that the Bush administration is only suffering modest political damage. Asked, “How do you think the way that President Bush has handled the issue of the treatment of detainees in Iraq and Guantanamo Bay will affect the likelihood that you will vote for him in November,” 37% said that it would make them less likely to vote for President Bush, while 22% said more likely—a net negative of 15%. Asked whether Donald Rumsfeld should resign or be removed, only 35% said that he should, while 59% said that he should not.
For the Bush administration, the political damage from the Abu Ghraib prison scandal appears to have been mitigated by a number of misperceptions. Many Americans are unaware that Defense Secretary Rumsfeld approved some of the controversial interrogation techniques used at Abu Ghraib. Only 35% were aware that he had approved of making detainees go naked, 45% that he approved of using threatening dogs and 55% that he had approved of hooding and stress positions.
Those who were aware that Rumsfeld had approved these interrogation techniques were much more likely to say that the President’s handling of the detainee issue diminished their likelihood to vote for the President. Among those who knew that Rumsfeld had approved all of these measures, 59% said they were less likely to vote for the President while just 9% said they were more likely to vote for him. Conversely, among those who believed that Rumsfeld had not approved any of these techniques, only 25% said they were less likely to vote for the President while 36% said they more likely to vote for him.
Among those who knew that Rumsfeld had approved of these measures, 60% favored his removal. Among those who thought that he had not approved any of them, just 26% favored his removal.
Large majorities support holding individuals responsible for their actions related to torture and abuse. Asked whether “government officials who engage in, or order others to engage in, torture or cruel and humiliating treatment as a way to get information should be tried and punished” 71% said they should. Asked whether a soldier “ordered to take an action against a detainee that the soldier believes is in violation of international law should or should not have the right to refuse to follow the order” 77% said that the soldier should have the right to refuse.
The PIPA/KN poll was conducted with a nationwide sample of 892 respondents from July 9-15. The margin of error for the total sample is plus or minus 3.3%.
The poll was fielded by Knowledge Networks using its nationwide panel, which is randomly selected from the entire adult population and subsequently provided Internet access. For more information about this methodology, go to www.knowledgenetworks.com/ganp.
Funding for this research was provided by the Rockefeller Brothers Fund and the Ford Foundation.
July 20, 2004
Seven in 10 Americans Say Genocide must be Prevented in Sudan
Majority Says Genocide is Occurring There
In a new PIPA-Knowledge Networks poll of Americans, 69% said “If the UN were to determine that genocide is occurring” in the Darfur region of Sudan, then the UN, including the US, should “act to stop the genocide even if it requires military force.” Only 19% were opposed and 12% did not give an answer.
Americans are also inclined to believe that genocide is already occurring there. Presented two positions, only 24% endorsed the view that what is occurring in Darfur “is just a civil war between the government and people in a resistant region that happen to be of a different ethnic group.” Instead, 56% took the position that what is occurring in Darfur, where “a million black African Darfuris have been driven into the desert by Arab militias who have destroyed their farms and prevented them from receiving relief,” is genocide. Twenty percent did not answer.
These are some of the key findings of a PIPA-Knowledge Networks poll conducted July 9-14 with a nationwide sample of 892 American adults (margin of error plus or minus 3.3%).
Over two-thirds (68%) favored the UN putting “pressure on the Sudanese government to stop the militias, by deciding that all UN members should freeze the assets of Sudanese officials and ban them from traveling to other countries.” Only 18% were opposed.
Support was equally strong (65%) for a UN military force to enforce the recent cease-fire agreement that is also supposed to allow relief organizations full access to the people who have been driven from their homes.
A majority would also be willing to contribute US troops to such an operation, provided that other countries contribute the lion’s share. Asked, “If other countries—African, European and others—were willing to contribute three quarters of the troops for a UN military force to enforce the cease-fire agreement in Darfur, do you think the United States should be willing to contribute one quarter?” 57% said that the US should be willing, while just under one third (32%) said the US should not be willing.
Steven Kull, director of PIPA comments, “It appears that the regrets about failing to act in response to the Rwanda genocide may be influencing Americans. Even with the US stretched in Iraq, a majority of Americans say they are willing to contribute a share of the troops to try to stabilize the situation in Darfur—a number that would likely grow if the UN declared what is occurring there to be genocide.”
Steven Kull continues, “It is quite striking that Americans are as ready as they are to make such commitments when they have so little information about the situation there.” A mere 14% said they have heard “a lot” or “some” about the situation in Darfur. Just over half said they had heard nothing at all.
Those with greater awareness of the situation were much more likely to believe that genocide is occurring in Darfur and to support taking action. This suggests that, should the issue gain greater prominence in the news, support for action may grow.
Partisan differences were modest. Republicans were a bit more likely to say that if the UN determines that genocide is occurring then the UN, including the US, must take action (74% vs. 69%) and to say that the UN should send in a military force to enforce a cease-fire agreement (75% vs. 65%). Democrats, however, were slightly more prone to say that the US should be willing to contribute troops (64% vs. 54%).
The poll was fielded by Knowledge Networks using its nationwide panel, which is randomly selected from the entire adult population and subsequently provided Internet access. For more information about this methodology, go to www.knowledgenetworks.com/ganp.
Funding for this research was provided by the Rockefeller Brothers Fund and the Ford Foundation.